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The water that issues from seafloor hydrothermal vents consists mostly of sea water drawn into the hydrothermal system close to the volcanic edifice through faults and porous sediments or volcanic strata, plus some magmatic water released by the upwelling magma. These are locations where two tectonic plates are diverging and new crust is being formed. Hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean typically form along the mid-ocean ridges, such as the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The dotted green line marks the melting point and the blue line the boiling point, showing how they vary with pressure the solid green line shows the typical melting point behavior for other substances. In this phase diagram, the green dotted line illustrates the anomalous behavior of water. Active hydrothermal vents are thought to exist on Jupiter's moon Europa, and Saturn's moon Enceladus, and it is speculated that ancient hydrothermal vents once existed on Mars. Chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp. Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called black smokers or white smokers. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Hydrothermal deposits are rocks and mineral ore deposits formed by the action of hydrothermal vents. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at spreading centers, ocean basins, and hotspots.

A hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seafloor from which geothermally heated water discharges.

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